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Bascom Affair
The Bascom Affair is considered to be the key event triggering the 1860s Apache War. The Apache Wars were fought during the nineteenth century between the U.S. military and many tribes in what is now the southwestern United States. The incident took place in 1861 in the area known as Arizona and New Mexico.
==Trigger==
The Bascom Affair began on January 27, 1861, when Tonto Apache Indian parties raided the ranch of John Ward at Sonoita Creek, stealing several livestock and kidnapping Ward's 12-year-old stepson Felix Ward.〔Sweeney, Edwin R., Cochise: Chiricahua Apache Chief (Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991), 144.〕 Ward complained about the raid to the nearby military authority, Lieutenant Colonel Morrison, the commandant of Fort Buchanan, Arizona, who directed Lieutenant George Nicholas Bascom and a large group of infantry to attempt to recover the boy. Bascom and his men were unable to locate the boy or the tribe. Because Ward said the kidnappers had gone west towards the Chiricahua Mountains, it was believed that the raid was done by Chiricahua Apache Indians, which would have been a normal activity for local Apaches (later it was found that the Coyotero Apaches had kidnapped the boy). Morrison ordered Bascom to use whatever means necessary to punish the kidnappers and recapture the boy.〔Sweeney, Cochise: Chiricahua Apache Chief, 146.〕 Bascom, Ward, and 54 soldiers journeyed east to the Apache Pass, arriving on February 3, 1861, and met Sergeant Daniel Robinson, who would accompany them for the rest of the expedition. Bascom convinced an Indian leader named Cochise to meet with him. Suspicious of Bascom's plans, Cochise brought with him his brother Coyuntwa, two nephews, his wife, and his two children.〔Roberts, David, ''Once They Move Like The Wind: Cochise, Geronimo, and the Apache Wars'' (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993), 22.〕 At the meeting, Cochise claimed he knew nothing of the affair. Doubting Cochise's honesty, Bascom attempted to imprison him and his family in a tent to be held hostage, but Cochise was able to escape with only a leg wound.〔Roberts, ''Once They Moved Like The Wind: Cochise, Geronimo, and the Apache Wars'', 23.〕
On February 5, 1861, Cochise delivered a message to Bascom asking for the release of his family, but Bascom refused and told Cochise that they "would be set free just so soon as the boy was released".〔Sweeney, Cochise: Chiricahua Apache Chief, 152.〕 The following day, Cochise and a large party of Apaches attacked a group of unaware American and Mexican teamsters. After torturing and killing the nine Mexicans he took the three Americans hostage, offering them in exchange for his family, but Bascom maintained that he would accept nothing other than the return of the boy and cattle. 〔 Mort, "The Wrath of Cochise: The Bascom Affair and the Origins of the Apache Wars", Pegasus Books LLC, New York〕 On February 7, 1861, Cochise and his men attacked Bascom's soldiers while they were fetching water.〔Roberts, ''Once They Moved Like The Wind: Cochise, Geronimo, and the Apache Wars'', 27.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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